James MacCaffrey's History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (1789-1908) Vol. II describes the conflict between Church authorities and liberal/secular states in Europe (such as Italy, Germany, and France) throughout the 19th century. It covers the expansion of Catholic missions and institutional development beyond Europe, including the United States and other colonial territories. It examines the role of the Pope in confronting modernity, liberalism, and socio-political shifts from 1789 to the early 20th century. It focuses on the struggle to defend the rights of the Church, Catholic education, and the Pope's position as spiritual leader amidst waves of nationalism and anticlericalism. This book is a detailed historical reference on the Catholic Church's struggle to adapt to the modern era.