James MacCaffrey's History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (1789-1908), Vol. I (published 1909/1910), provides a detailed, comprehensive, and balanced overview of the Catholic Church’s navigation through profound political, social, and ideological shifts. It covers the Church's response to the French Revolution, the rise of nationalism, industrialization, and early 20th-century secularism. This volume I covers the earlier part of this, focusing on the tumultuous, post-revolutionary era. The work is noted for its objective analysis of the Church's successes and failures during this crucial era.