The relationship between the Vatican and war in Europe has been defined by neutrality during the World Wars, a history of religious and diplomatic conflicts, and ongoing efforts toward peace. During World War II, Pope Pius XII's policy of neutrality and silence regarding the Holocaust is a subject of significant controversy. However, the Vatican also organized extensive humanitarian aid and, in the post-war era, played a major role in refugee resettlement, although it has also been implicated in helping Nazi criminals escape justice. The aim of this book is to show the solutions and ways out that the Papacy has continually sought to overcome the European conflicts since the years before 1914, throughout the last war, and throughout the difficult period that followed.