Rudolf Bultmann's History and Eschatology examines how the understanding of history and the end times (eschatology) has shifted from the ancient cyclical view to a linear, theological view in the Judaeo-Christian tradition. Bultmann argues that the early church's disappointment with Christ's non-return led to a teleological reinterpretation of history, but he challenges this approach because it tends to ignore the individual's participation in the Christ event. He then draws on arguments from Paul and John to ground the Christian understanding of history and eschatology in the Christ event as simultaneously past and present, giving life eternal meaning. Bultmann argues that an overly teleological interpretation ignores the individual's participation in the Christ event, which occurred in the past. He draws on the teachings of the Apostles Paul and John to challenge teleological interpretations. He argues that a true Christian understanding must be based on the Christ event itself, which has both eternal and immediate significance, both past and present.