The preceding volumes of this series, with the exception of Sir Charles Petrie's companion study of Mussolini, have been concerned with subversive innovators the Bolshevist Lenin and the Westernizer Kemal; but it would be a superficial mistake to suppose that any Age is 'made' only by revolutionaries, and that the force of tradition in Europe is negligible. Our revolutionaries know better. A similar but more pervasive error is to eliminate religion from the factors of influence, though no one would deny that the Church remains one of the pillars of the threatened order, however much she may have protested against the corruptions by which that order is being undermined. A picture of the Modern Age would be ludicrous which omitted the reaction of the Church to the confusion of the post-war world.