An indispensable and incomparable reference work, the Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament—newly translated from the original German edition—makes a wealth of theological insight accessible for the first time in English. In these volumes, outstanding scholars provide in-depth and wide-ranging investigations of the historical, semantic, and theological meanings of Old Testament concepts. This reference work serves a wide audience, from professors and researches to pastors and students of the Bible. Whereas traditional lexicons do little more than offer possible translations in the light of etymological and grammatical evidence, the Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament goes further, evaluating each term’s theological relevance by clearly describing its actual usage in the language. In the process, it makes available to readers many form- and tradition-critical insights which—until now—have been buried in scattered commentaries, monographs, Old Testament theologies, and journal articles. Thus, the individual articles in this lexicon serve as concise, well-structured histories of research, which contain conclusions, comprehensive discussions of controversies, and references to the most important literature in several related disciplines. The words in the Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament are included because of their importance within the Hebrew Bible, not their suitability as elements of a secondary system of Old Testament theology. Since the entries are generally ordered according to roots—the traditional and most sensible approach to the lexical study of Semitic languages—and many words are treated as derivatives, synonyms, or antonyms of the terms listed in the articles, thousands of words are considered in approximately 330 articles. Other words can easily be found in the accompanying index. Besides the lexical entries on the key verbs, nouns, and adjectives, the Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament also examines theologically noteworthy pronouns and particles in their own separate entries.