This book, first published as a revised edition of Dr. Benda's dissertation in 1958, was the first systematic political history of Indonesian Islam. It Still is an authoritative and invaluable guide to modern Indonesia history today. Part one of the book surveys the history of Indonesian Islam under Dutch colonial rule, with special emphasis on the twentieth century. It analyzes Muslim reactions to Dutch Islamic policies, as well as the part played in Indonesian politics by Islamic groups during the last decades of Dutch rule. This analysis culminates in a significant reinterpretation of pre-war Indonesian Islam. Part two carries the analysis into the period of the brief Japanese interregnum (1942-1945). The successes and failures of Japan's Islamic policies and the Indonesian Muslim community's rise to political prominence in these crucial and formative years are traced in detail.