Many of the papers collected in Understanding the New Religions more directly approach this question of an underlying unity, with answers that are by no means conclusive. Barbara Hargrove discusses the extent to which various new religions present diametrically opposed features, which she groups under the labels of 'integrative' and 'transformative'. (A less even-handed treatment might call them reactionary and progressive, respectively). She suggests that the simultaneous development of both types during the 1970s indicates a basic bankruptcy in preexisting religious forms as an outcome of secularization and individualization of religion. So in her study, the locus of the single 'problem' turns out to reside in the religious establishment rather than among the new religions which have arisen as responses. Similarly, Theodore Roszak on 'Ethics, Ecstasy, and the Study of New Religions' sees the new religions as a response to the spiritual void and despair in modern culture, but he indicates that they share a common remedy in the reintroduction of ecstatic awareness into religious life.