In this simulating volume, a noted scholar presents the philosophy of the 19th century, the most explosive and revolutionary period in the evolution of formal thinking since the collision of rationalism and traditional Christianity. Pointing out that the philosophers of the 19th century agreed in their systematic breakdown of the traditional philosophical methods and views of the traditional subjects of philosophy, Henry D. Aiken demonstrates the trends which lead up to philosophical dilemmas of our own day through a selection of the writings of such diverse thinkers as Kant, Schopenhauer, Comte, Spencer, Marx and Kierkegaard.