The term 'Modern Indonesia' in the title of this book is intended to refer to the Republic of Indonesia which was created on August 17th, 1945. Hence, 25 years after Independence, the question may be posed as to how Islam has struggled to make its impact felt in the early history of modern Indonesia. Now it has rightly been said, 'To discuss the position of Islam in contemporary Indonesia involves the entire Indonesian situation'. Moreover, this history is so recent that it has not yet really become history. Anyone who has experienced some part of that history, living in Indonesia, also knows that many details were obscure even at the moment when they took place.