In 1907 Rome condemned the efforts of a group of Roman Catholic scholars who were trying to bring Catholic theology into a more realistic relationship with contemporary critical thought. The principal charge was that their writings were based on two grave philosophical aberrations: 'agnoticism' and the doctrine of 'vital immanence'. This book examines the substance of this charge. Beginning with a account of Roman fundamental theology as it took shape in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Dr Daly investigates the challenge offered to the received theological and philosophical orthodoxy of the period by Blondel, Laberthonniere, Loisy, von Hugel, Tyrrell, Le Roy, and the Italian modernists.